Many animal species, ranging from insects to amphibians and fish, use jumping as a means of moving within their surrounding environment. Jumping can be very advantageous for these animals, for instance, allowing them to reach higher branches of trees, swiftly escape from predators or move faster across long distances.

Many roboticists have been trying to develop robots that can replicate the jumping locomotion styles observed in animals, as these robots could have interesting real-world applications. By jumping, robots could move faster on complex terrains and gain access to surfaces or environments that they might otherwise be unable to reach.

The jumping robots introduced in recent years rely on various actuating methods, ranging from dielectric elastomers to liquid crystal elastomers and soft actuators. While some of these robots achieved promising results, most of them were found to lag behind living organisms that are highly skilled jumpers, both in terms of how high and how fast they can jump.

Researchers at Zhejiang University in China recently developed a new ultrafast, magnetically driven and bistable soft jumper that demonstrated advanced jumping capabilities. This jumper, presented in a paper published in Science Robotics, was found to achieve different jumping locomotion styles, jumping higher and faster than comparable robotic systems introduced in the past.

Soft jumpers, such as the system developed by these researchers, are based on elastic and deformable materials that often have a greater resistance to impact, preventing damage to the robot while jumping. Yet many existing jumpers based on soft materials were found to be limited in terms of the speed with which they respond to stimuli and takeoff from the ground.

“We report a magnetic-driven, ultrafast bistable soft jumper that exhibits good jumping capability (jumping more than 108 body heights with a takeoff velocity of more than 2 meters per second) and fast response time (less than 15 milliseconds) compared with previous soft jumping robots,” wrote Daofan Tang, Chengqian Zhang and their colleagues in their paper. “The snap-through transitions between bistable states form a repeatable loop that harnesses the ultrafast release of stored elastic energy.”

The researchers created prototypes of their jumper that varied in size and found that smaller jumpers were more affected by air resistance; thus they could not jump as high as bigger jumpers. Nonetheless, the takeoff velocities of the jumpers remained similar, irrespective of their size.

Notably, the jumper designed by this research team can perform two different types of locomotion, namely jumping and hopping. The researchers carried out tests in a real-world environment to demonstrate the advantages of these locomotion modes.

“These modes are controlled by adjusting the duration and strength of the magnetic field, which endows the bistable soft jumper with robust locomotion capabilities,” wrote Tang, Zhang and their colleagues. “In addition, it is capable of jumping omnidirectionally with tunable heights and distances. To demonstrate its capability in complex environments, a realistic pipeline with amphibious terrain was established.”

The researchers tested their jumper in a simple locomotion task that entailed hopping through a narrow tube, jumping through a U-shaped pipeline, and jumping from underwater to above the water level. This task was designed to simulate a scenario in which the robot could be used to clean water inside a pipeline.

In this initial experiment, the mechanically driven jumper was found to perform remarkably well. In the future, its underlying design could inspire the development of other flexible robotic systems for a wide range of real-world applications.

© 2024 Science X Network

This morning, my six-year-old came into our bedroom and started reading a story from a book. She followed each word on the page, slowly forming full sentences. Sometimes she stumbled and asked for help with some “funny words,” but by the end of the book, she had told us a story about a bear in the snow.

Verbal communication is one of the many reasons humans have become so successful as a species. From warning each other of danger to communicating complex information, our ability to speak has been crucial.

But it’s not just humans and other animals who have developed sophisticated communication. A lot of people think of plants as passive, but they have their own way of interacting with each other. The idea has been around for a while, even inspiring Hollywood movies like “Avatar.”

However, recent science is showing plant communication systems may be more complex than we imagined.

These communication networks are sensitive and in balance. Imagine how disrupted our world would be if global network systems suddenly broke down. The recent CrowdStrike IT outages are just one example of how delicate these systems are and how important communication is—and that’s the case for plants too.

To grasp how organisms who can’t speak pass on information to each other, it’s important to understand that humans also have a non-verbal communication system. This includes our senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch.

For example, natural gas companies add a chemical called mercaptan to natural gas, giving it that distinctive “rotten egg” smell to warn us of leaks. Think also of how we have developed sign language, while many people are skilled lip readers.

In addition to these senses, we also have equilibrioception (the ability to maintain balance and body posture), proprioception (the sense of the relative position and strength of our body parts), thermoception (sense of temperature changes), and nociception (ability to sense pain). All these abilities have enabled humans to become highly sophisticated in communication and engagement with the natural world.

Other species, particularly plants, use their senses to spread information in their own way.

What are the neighbors up to?

Most of us are familiar with the smell of freshly cut grass. The volatiles, or chemical substances, released by the grass plants, which we associate with that smell, are one way they communicate to other nearby plants that a predator—or in this case a lawnmower—is present, prompting an adjustment in plant defenses. Rather than using auditory cues, plants use chemical-induced communication. However, plant communication doesn’t end with volatiles.

Recently, scientists discovered just how well-connected plants are and how efficiently they can send messages to their peers via their roots, electrical signals, a network of underground fungi and soil microbes. The nosy plant neighborhood watch was discovered.

For example, electrophysiology is a relatively new scientific discipline that studies how electrical signals in and between plants are communicated and interpreted. With major advances in technology and artificial intelligence (AI), we have seen significant accelerated growth in this area of research in the past few years.

Scientists could be on the verge of remarkable discoveries, with recent advances integrating electrical signal communication within and between plants into modern greenhouses to monitor and control crop watering or detect nutritional deficiencies.

Scientists achieve this by inserting small electrical probes, similar to acupuncture needles, to test how changes in electrical signals relate to plant performance, such as transporting water and nutrients, and converting light into important sugars.

Researchers have even influenced plant behavior by sending electrical signals from mobile phones, making them perform basic responses like opening or closing leaves in a Venus flytrap.

Soon we may be able to fully translate the language of our crops.

A great deal of plant-to-plant communication happens below ground, facilitated by large fungal networks known as the “wood-wide web.” This network of fungi connects trees and plants underground, allowing them to share resources like water, nutrients and information. Through this system, older trees can help younger ones grow, and trees can warn each other about dangers such as pests.

It’s like an underground internet for trees and plants, helping them support and communicate with each other. The network is extensive, with over 80% of plants believed to be connected, making it one of the oldest communication systems in the world.

Just as the internet enables us to connect, share ideas, knowledge and information that can influence decision-making, the “wood-wide web” allows plants to use symbiotic fungi to prepare for environmental changes.

However, disturbing the soil through chemicals, deforestation or climate change can disrupt the communication nodes through affecting water and nutrient cycles in these networks, making plants less informed and connected. Not much research has yet been carried out into the effects of disrupting these networks.

But we know that plants’ responsive behavior, such as defense responses and gene regulation, can be altered by their fungal network if they are connected to one.

So this communication-disconnect might make them more vulnerable, making it more difficult to protect and restore ecosystems around the world. There is still a lot scientists have to learn about these highly complex networks

We know it’s important to help children learn to read so that they can navigate the world around them. It is just as important as to ensure we do not disconnect plant communication. After all, we depend upon plants for our well-being and survival.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.