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Researchers explore cancer susceptibility in birds

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Researchers explore cancer susceptibility in birds


ASU researchers explore cancer susceptibility in birds
Cancer affects virtually all multicellular organisms, birds included. A new study highlights the trade-off between investment in reproduction and DNA maintenance. Birds laying larger numbers of eggs have less resources available to ensure the integrity of their DNA, leaving them more vulnerable to cancer. Credit: Jason Drees

In one of the largest studies of cancer susceptibility across bird species, researchers at Arizona State University describe an intriguing relationship between reproductive rates and cancer susceptibility.

The research, conducted by an international team of scientists, analyzed data from more than 5,700 bird necropsies across 108 species. They discovered birds that lay more eggs per clutch tend to have higher rates of cancer. The findings shed new light on evolutionary trade-offs between reproduction and survival in birds and have implications for health and disease across the tree of life.

By examining how different energy allocation strategies affect cancer development in birds, researchers gain insights into relevant mechanisms for studying human cancers. This understanding could lead to new strategies for preventing and treating cancer, highlighting the interconnectedness of biological research across species.

“Birds are exceptional for many reasons, but one of them is the fact that birds get less cancer than mammals, and we don’t know why,” says Carlo Maley, corresponding author of the new study. “We’d like to understand how birds avoid getting cancer and see if we can use that to help prevent cancer in humans.”

Maley directs the Arizona Cancer and Evolution Center, is a researcher with the Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, and is a professor with the School of Life Sciences at ASU.

The group’s findings appear in Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.

The study was conducted by an interdisciplinary team of researchers from Arizona State University, the University of California Santa Barbara, North Carolina State University and several European universities. The team brought together expertise in evolutionary biology, veterinary medicine and cancer research.

Cooperation and cancer

While cancer is an ever-present hazard for nearly all multicellular organisms, the susceptibility and risk factors for cancer in birds have not been as extensively studied as they have in mammals. Birds, and all other organisms, have limited energy resources that they can allocate to various functions. When more energy is devoted to reproduction, less is available for maintaining the health of the body, potentially leading to a higher risk of diseases, including cancer.

Life history theory is a part of evolutionary ecology that examines how evolutionary pressures shape the tradeoffs between different life functions. In birds, species that have high reproductive rates and invest heavily in raising offspring have less energy available for DNA repair, making them more susceptible to cancer. The same may be true in mammals, as the authors have previously shown.

Such studies also help to explain why some long-lived species–that tend to have fewer offspring and invest more in maintenance and longevity–might have lower cancer rates. In contrast, species with high reproductive rates and shorter lifespans may prioritize reproduction over longevity and maintenance, increasing their vulnerability to cancer.

“It is interesting that depending on the reproductive trait that we focus on, the tradeoff between reproduction and bodily maintenance is not always clear,” says co-first author Stefania Kapsetaki. “For example, investing in a trait linked to increased reproduction does not always mean less investment in a trait linked with bodily maintenance. It is important to bear in mind that patterns of avian cancer prevalence are affected by multiple interacting components, some known and others yet to be discovered.”

The study found no significant correlation between body size or lifespan and cancer risk in birds, contrary to what might be expected. These results highlight a phenomenon in biology called “Peto’s paradox,” in which larger, longer-lived animals sometimes display lower cancer rates despite having more cells that could potentially become cancerous.

In earlier research, Maley and his colleagues explored how large mammals, including whales and elephants, have developed sophisticated strategies of cancer suppression, which may hold clues in the battle against human cancers.

The current study found that birds with larger clutch sizes (more eggs per brood) had significantly higher rates of malignant cancers. This suggests a potential tradeoff between reproduction and cancer defense mechanisms. Other factors like incubation length, physical differences between males and females, and the bird’s sex were not significantly associated with cancer prevalence.

Costs of reproduction

The findings add to a growing body of evidence linking reproductive investment to the risk of disease in animals. The researchers used advanced statistical techniques to account for the evolutionary relationships between different bird species, allowing them to identify patterns that likely arose from natural selection rather than chance. This suggests there may be optimal levels of cancer defense for different ecological niches, which can occasionally shift due to environmental changes.

Data on cancer susceptibility came from necropsies performed at 25 different zoological institutions over 25 years, and the life history information was compiled from existing scientific databases on bird biology. The researchers emphasized their findings are based on birds living under human care, which may differ from wild populations in some respects.

Avenues for future research

The study opens new questions for future investigation: What are the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between clutch size and cancer risk? How do ecological factors influence cancer susceptibility in wild bird populations? And for the bird species that have extremely low cancer rates, how are they preventing cancer?

The findings could have implications for the care and conservation of bird species.

Zoos and wildlife centers may need to consider cancer screening more carefully for species with larger clutch sizes. Further, conservation efforts for endangered bird species may benefit from considering cancer risk as part of overall population health management.

The research demonstrates the value of applying evolutionary thinking to cancer biology. By studying how different species manage the risk of cancer, researchers may uncover new strategies for prevention and treatment that could benefit both human and veterinary medicine.

More information:
Stefania E Kapsetaki et al, Life history traits and cancer prevalence in birds, Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health (2024). DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae011

Citation:
Researchers explore cancer susceptibility in birds (2024, July 31)
retrieved 31 July 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-07-explore-cancer-susceptibility-birds.html

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Delta CEO says airline is facing $500 million in costs from global tech outage

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Delta CEO says airline is facing 0 million in costs from global tech outage


Delta CEO says airline is facing $500 million in costs from global tech outage last week
A Delta Air Lines jet leaves the gate, July 19, 2024, at Logan International Airport in Boston. Delta CEO Ed Bastian says the airline is facing $500 million in costs for the global technology breakdown that happened earlier this month. Credit: AP Photo/Michael Dwyer, File

Delta Air Lines CEO Ed Bastian says the airline is facing $500 million in costs related to a global tech outage this month that disrupted emergency services, communications and thousands of businesses.

Speaking on CNBC, Bastian said Wednesday that the monetary amount represents lost revenue as well as “the tens of millions of dollars per day in compensation and hotels” for the five-day period.

A week ago, CrowdStrike blamed a bug in an update that allowed its cybersecurity systems to push bad data out to millions of customer computers, setting off the global tech outage that grounded flights, took TV broadcasts off air and disrupted banks, hospitals and retailers.

Cybersecurity company CrowdStrike also outlined measures it will take to prevent the problem from recurring, including staggering the rollout of updates, giving customers more control over when and where they occur, and providing more details about the updates that it plans.

Among airlines, Delta was by far the hardest hit hard by the outage, having to cancel thousands of flights, because key systems were crippled by the incident.

Delta CEO says airline is facing $500 million in costs from global tech outage last week
Passengers wait in line for assistance at the Delta Terminal, July 19, 2024, at Logan International Airport in Boston. Delta CEO Ed Bastian says the airline is facing $500 million in costs for the global technology breakdown that happened earlier this month. Credit: AP Photo/Michael Dwyer, File

The U.S. Department of Transportation is investigating why Delta failed to recover as quickly as other airlines. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said last week that the department would also examine Delta’s customer service, including “unacceptable” lines for assistance and reports that unaccompanied minors were stranded at airports.

Bastian said on CNBC that Delta will be seeking damages from the disruptions. CrowdStrike has not made any offers to help Delta financially so far, he added. It has offered free consulting advice.

© 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

Citation:
Delta CEO says airline is facing $500 million in costs from global tech outage (2024, July 31)
retrieved 31 July 2024
from https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-delta-ceo-airline-million-global.html

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Study finds white Western women have lower body appreciation and greater media pressure to look thin

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Study finds white Western women have lower body appreciation and greater media pressure to look thin


women
Credit: CC0 Public Domain

White Western women have lower body appreciation and experience greater pressure from the media to be thin compared to Black Nigerian and Chinese women across all ages, according to new research.

The study, carried out by psychologists at Durham University (UK), and published in PLOS ONE, explored the impacts of age and sociocultural pressures on body appreciation (feelings of positivity and pride about one’s body) among white Western, Black Nigerian and Chinese women.

While all three groups had relatively stable body appreciation across ages, there were significant cultural differences.

White Western women were found to experience much higher pressure from the media to conform to thin or athletic body ideals across their lifespan.

This pressure did decrease with age, but even at its lowest, the pressure felt by Western women was still higher than for the other ethnic groups.

Black Nigerian women recorded the highest body appreciation and far less media pressure regarding body image. This pressure also decreased with age.

Meanwhile, Chinese women reported the highest ongoing family and peer pressure around body image, but media-related pressure was less and decreased with age.

The study, which involved over 1,100 women aged 18–80, was intended to gain new insight into the impacts of culture and age on body appreciation—two aspects that have had limited research focus to date.

Participants were asked to complete questionnaires to understand more about their own sense of body appreciation and the pressures they experience around body image from family, peers and the media.

The results showed that white Western women reported far more media pressure than other participants, but also endorsed a thin or athletic body type less as they got older.

Black Nigerian women did not display a strong pressure towards a thin or athletic build and reported higher levels of body appreciation. However, they also reported higher levels of appearance pressure from peers, which reduced with age.

Chinese women predominantly continued to endorse a thin body type across all ages but reported less media pressure around this than white western women.

Women in all three cultures experienced similar levels of family pressures, but the study showed this decreased significantly for white Western and Black Nigerian women as they got older but remained high for Chinese women.

Postgraduate researcher Louise Hanson from Durham University’s Department of Psychology led the study. She said, “Most research around body appreciation to date has focused on younger white western women. We wanted to expand the scope and include older women and other cultures as these groups have historically been ignored.

“We found that body appreciation was relatively stable across all ages and sociocultural pressure was evident in all cultures. However, the extent to which this pressure was experienced and where it came from differed across cultures.

“Based on our results, we suggest that when developing interventions to increase body appreciation, experts should take all age groups into account, not just younger women.

“Additionally, there is also a need for interventions to be tailored to account for cultural differences, such as greater media literacy for white western women who reported the highest pressure in this area.”

The researchers hope that their findings can help to encourage more studies into body appreciation and body image for women over 30. They also hope this can be a springboard to encourage more cross-cultural studies to better understand the cultural dynamics that impact on body appreciation.

In practical terms, the team argue that their findings indicate that body appreciation interventions should take all age groups into account and look at where they can be culturally-targeted to improve effectiveness.

More information:
Examining body appreciation in six countries: The impact of age and sociocultural pressure, PLoS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306913

Provided by
Durham University


Citation:
Study finds white Western women have lower body appreciation and greater media pressure to look thin (2024, July 31)
retrieved 31 July 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-07-white-western-women-body-greater.html

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How a new trend is challenging consumer culture

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How a new trend is challenging consumer culture


thrift
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

A new TikTok trend called “underconsumption core” is gaining traction online. This trend champions minimalism and frugality, and encourages people to maximize the utility of their purchases and buy only what they truly need, challenging the culture of consumerism.

Instead of showcasing large hauls of clothing, makeup or over-flowing fridge shelves, users are posting videos showing thrift store purchases, modest wardrobes and practical, well-used everyday items.

The rise of this trend can be linked to several challenges facing young people today, including increasing economic pressures, environmental concerns and social pressures, all of which are particularly affecting Gen Z and younger Millennials. If you’re also feeling financially squeezed, this trend might resonate with you.

Similar to the deinfluencing trend, underconsumption also appears to be a reaction to overconsumption—especially the way influencers have normalized it by posting haul videos. By promoting underconsumption, online users are rejecting and pushing back against this aspect of “influencer culture.”

Born of necessity

Young people are likely engaging with it as a way to adapt to increasing financial pressures.

For instance, the average federal student loan debt balance in the United States is US$37,574 per borrower, according to the Education Data Initiative. Student debt is a significant financial burden that often forces young adults to prioritize debt repayment over discretionary spending.

Inflation is also continuing to erode Gen Z’s purchasing power. While there are signs of economic relief, such as interest rate cuts in Canada, the cumulative effects of high prices continue to strain young peoples’ budgets.

Underconsumption core represents a growing awareness and adaptation to these economic realities, but it’s not the only reason. Another driver of the underconsumption trend appears to be environmental consciousness.

Environmental concerns

Mass consumerism has created significant environmental problems, including the generation of vast amounts of waste. In Chile’s Atacama Desert, an estimated 11,000 to 59,000 tons of used clothing is sitting in a landfill. This is just one example of how overconsumption is polluting the environment.

A report from ThredUp, an online vintage-resale platform, found that 65 percent of Gen Z respondents wanted to shop more sustainably. However, one-third felt “addicted to fast fashion,” and 72 percent said they shopped for fast fashion in 2022. Similarly, researchers from Sheffield Hallam University found 90 percent of university students bought fast fashion in 2022.

Despite this, many of these same consumers are concerned with sustainability and are actively seeking ways to be more responsible. Our recent study found a consistent shift in consumer attitudes towards sustainability practices, especially in fashion. This is particularly the case with Gen Z, who rely heavily on social media for shopping inspiration.

As younger consumers become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions, they are increasingly drawn to sustainable fashion content.

This shift in consumer mentality aligns with the broader cultural phenomenon known as the “Marie Kondo effect,” named after the Japanese organizing consultant. She is an advocate for only keeping things that bring one value and joy. Kondo’s influence has sparked a growing interest in intentional consumption.

However, it is important to note that, in some instances, sustainable consumption behaviors may be driven more by selfish motives than purely altruistic ones. By choosing to consume less or more mindfully, younger individuals can project an image of thoughtfulness, responsibility and uniqueness—qualities that are increasingly valued in the social media landscape.

How to be a healthier consumer

If you are interested in practicing healthier consumption habits, it’s important to understand how you can sustain this lifestyle long-term. There are two main strategies you can use to do this.

First, find a way to strike a balance between frugality and quality of life to maintain your overall well-being. Research suggests a mix of experiential spending (such as travel) and material purchases (such as a new smartphone) can lead to greater happiness and satisfaction.

Don’t completely abandon material purchases in favor of experiences. Instead, a thoughtful approach that includes both types of spending, albeit at a reduced overall level, will likely lead to better outcomes. This approach focuses more on mindful consumption, rather than blanket restrictions.

Second, try to focus on improving your financial literacy. Start by creating a budget that ensures basic needs and baseline expenses are met. Seek to understand the types of financial products and solutions that fit your particular needs. This will help you avoid overconsumption and make choices that support long-term financial stability.

Those with higher financial literacy are better equipped to select products that align with their needs and values, rather than falling prey to aggressive marketing or unnecessary features that can lead to overconsumption. For instance, young consumers are likely to spend more on credit cards that offer attractive rewards leading to overconsumption and strained budgets over the long-term.

While the underconsumption trend offers potential benefits, it’s important to approach it in a balanced way. While combining healthy spending habits with financial literacy is key, it shouldn’t be about deprivation. Instead, you should make informed choices that align with your personal values and goals. Done right, underconsumption can lead to financial stability and a more purposeful lifestyle.

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The Conversation


This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.The Conversation

Citation:
Understanding ‘underconsumption core’: How a new trend is challenging consumer culture (2024, July 31)
retrieved 31 July 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-07-underconsumption-core-trend-consumer-culture.html

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Strong El Niño makes European winters easier to forecast

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Strong El Niño makes European winters easier to forecast


weather forecast
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

Heavy rain and flooding in Brazil in November could tell forecasters whether December, January and February in Britain will be cold and dry or mild and wet.

This is because forecasting European winter weather patterns months in advance is made simpler during years of strong El Niño or La Niña events in the tropical Pacific Ocean, a new study has found.

A strong El Niño or La Niña in the Pacific Ocean can bring big changes in temperatures, wind patterns and rainfall patterns to South America. When this occurs, forecasters can more easily tell if Europe will have a mild winter or a cold one. In contrast, when tropical Pacific temperatures were close to average, it was more difficult for forecasters to predict what sort of weather Europe would have in December, January and February.

Dr. Laura Baker, lead author of the research at the University of Reading and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, said, “Understanding when seasonal forecasts are likely to be more or less reliable could help everyone from energy companies planning for winter demand to government agencies preparing for potential weather-related emergencies. Our findings could help to improve long-range winter forecasts in other parts of the world, as well as Europe.

“As climate change continues to alter global weather patterns, research like this plays a crucial role in improving our ability to anticipate and prepare for future winter conditions.”

Decades of data

The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, examined the skill of seasonal forecast systems in predicting two key atmospheric patterns that shape winter weather in Europe: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and East Atlantic Pattern (EA).

The research team analyzed 30 years of winter forecasts from seven different prediction systems used across Europe and North America and archived by the ECMWF Copernicus Climate Change Service. By looking at which winters were predicted well or poorly across multiple systems, they were able to identify common factors influencing predictability.

The researchers found that the ability to predict these patterns varies greatly from year to year. Some winters are much more predictable than others, depending on conditions in other parts of the world. The study shows that when strong El Niño or La Niña events are occurring, weather forecasters can place more confidence in long-range predictions for the coming winter. However, in other years, such forecasts should be viewed with more caution.

The study also revealed that unusual conditions in the upper atmosphere over the Arctic can make European winters harder to predict. When sudden changes occur in these high-altitude wind patterns, forecast systems often struggle to anticipate the impacts on weather at ground level.

More information:
Understanding the intermittency of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic Pattern seasonal forecast skill in the Copernicus C3S multi‐model ensemble, Geophysical Research Letters (2024). DOI: 10.1029/2024GL10847

Citation:
Strong El Niño makes European winters easier to forecast (2024, July 31)
retrieved 31 July 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-07-strong-el-nio-european-winters.html

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part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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