If you feel like you’re the victim of itchy mosquito bites more often than others, it may not be all in your head.

Sonja Swiger, Ph.D., Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service entomologist, professor in the Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Entomology and self-proclaimed mosquito magnet from Stephenville, said there is some scientific evidence that mosquitoes have preferences for who to land and feed on.

Mosquitoes primarily rely on carbon dioxide to locate their targets, Swiger said. Body temperature and odor also play significant roles, so anything that alters these factors can make someone more or less attractive to mosquitoes.

To separate evidence from anecdotes, Swiger discussed some of the attributes or conditions that studies have shown to entice mosquitoes.

Blood type matters, sometimes

Several studies have shown mosquitoes prefer type O blood. One study published in the Journal of Medical Entomology found a mosquito species preferred to land on type O blood compared to others, but the difference was only significant between type O and type A.

Though it’s often reported that mosquitoes prefer type O blood, Swiger said it’s worth considering the limitations of these studies.

“Some projects have shown that there may be some correlation between blood type and mosquito preference, but in a comparative study, there’s always a winner,” she said. “That doesn’t necessarily mean it’s the absolute winner all the time.”

Some foods and alcohol

People who are intoxicated tend to put out more carbon dioxide and sweat more, which seems to attract mosquitoes—possibly along with other unknown factors.

Swiger said diet can also impact mosquito attraction, though the extent of its effect hasn’t been fully explored. Garlic and vitamin B are often anecdotally reported to deter these bugs, but the evidence is limited.

However, Swiger said bananas and other high-potassium foods have shown to attract mosquitoes, perhaps because they lead to an increase in lactic acid production in the body, which helps mosquitoes locate animals.

This also impacts a person’s skin microbiota, or the microorganisms living on the skin.

“There is some research to support that changing your diet will make you give off different scents,” Swiger said. “So, it may be possible to change your attractiveness to mosquitoes based on what you’re eating.”

Pregnancy attracts mosquitoes

Pregnant women also seem to attract more mosquitoes, primarily because of the increased carbon dioxide output. It’s estimated that women in the advanced stages of pregnancy exhale about a 21% greater volume than non-pregnant women.

Swiger said this goes along with other physiological changes, like increased body temperature, that together make pregnant women easier for mosquitoes to find.

A taste for the local flavor

Sometimes mosquitoes develop more specific tastes in a location over time as an evolutionary trait.

“Mosquitoes in certain neighborhoods can become accustomed to specific scents and start to prefer those over others,” Swiger said. “Their generations are about two weeks long, and urban mosquitoes that bite humans often don’t travel far. As a result, they seem to get familiar with the local scents.”

Other genetic predispositions

There’s still much to uncover as far as mosquito preferences. Swiger said there seems to be other genetic predispositions for what attracts mosquitoes, but these aren’t all clear just yet.

“If you find yourself swatting more mosquitoes than your friends, there is probably some science behind it,” she said. “While there’s no getting around genetic predispositions, staying covered and using repellant might just help you tip the scales in your favor.”

A team of researchers including scientists from the University of Oxford have made an astonishing discovery of a new species of mollusk that lived 500 million years ago. The new fossil, called Shishania aculeata, reveals that the most primitive mollusks were flat, shell-less slugs covered in a protective spiny armor. The findings have been published in the journal Science.

The new species was found in exceptionally well-preserved fossils from eastern Yunnan Province in southern China dating from a geological period called the early Cambrian, approximately 514 million years ago. The specimens of Shishania are all only a few centimeters long and are covered in small spikey cones (sclerites) made of chitin, a material also found in the shells of modern crabs, insects, and some mushrooms.

Specimens that were preserved upside down show that the bottom of the animal was naked, with a muscular foot like that of a slug that Shishania would have used to creep around the seafloor over half a billion years ago. Unlike most mollusks, Shishania did not have a shell that covered its body, suggesting that it represents a very early stage in molluscan evolution.

Present-day mollusks have a dizzying array of forms, and include snails and clams and even highly intelligent groups such as squids and octopuses.

This diversity of mollusks evolved very rapidly a long time ago, during an event known as the Cambrian Explosion, when all the major groups of animals were rapidly diversifying. This rapid period of evolutionary change means that few fossils have been left behind that chronicle the early evolution of mollusks.

Corresponding author Associate Professor Luke Parry, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, said, “Trying to unravel what the common ancestor of animals as different as a squid and oyster looked like is a major challenge for evolutionary biologists and paleontologists—one that can’t be solved by studying only species alive today.

“Shishania gives us a unique view into a time in mollusk evolution for which we have very few fossils, informing us that the very earliest mollusk ancestors were armored spiny slugs, prior to the evolution of the shells that we see in modern snails and clams.”

Because the body of Shishania was very soft and made of tissues that don’t typically preserve in the fossil record, the specimens were challenging to study, as many of the specimens were poorly preserved.

First author Guangxu Zhang, a recent Ph.D. graduate from Yunnan University in China who discovered the specimens said, “At first I thought that the fossils, which were only about the size of my thumb, were not noticeable, but I saw under a magnifying glass that they seemed strange, spiny, and completely different from any other fossils that I had seen.

“I called it ‘the plastic bag’ initially because it looks like a rotting little plastic bag. When I found more of these fossils and analyzed them in the lab I realized that it was a mollusk.”

Associate Professor Parry added, “We found microscopic details inside the conical spines covering the body of Shishania that show how they were secreted in life. This sort of information is incredibly rare, even in exceptionally preserved fossils.”

The spines of Shishania show an internal system of canals that are less than a hundredth of a millimeter in diameter. These features show that the cones were secreted at their base by microvilli, tiny protrusions of cells that increase surface area, such as in our intestines where they aid food absorption.

This method of secreting hard parts is akin to a natural 3D printer, allowing many invertebrate animals to secrete hard parts with huge variation of shape and function from providing defense to facilitating locomotion.

Hard spines and bristles are known in some present-day mollusks (such as chitons), but they are made of the mineral calcium carbonate rather than organic chitin as in Shishania. Similar organic chitinous bristles are found in more obscure groups of animals such as brachiopods and bryozoans, which together with mollusks and annelids (earthworms and their relatives) form the group Lophotrochozoa.

Professor Parry added, “Shishania tells us that the spines and spicules we see in chitons and aplacophoran mollusks today actually evolved from organic sclerites like those of annelids. These animals are very different from one another today and so fossils like Shishania tell us what they looked like deep in the past, soon after they had diverged from common ancestors.”

Co-author Jakob Vinther at the University of Bristol said, “Mollusks today are extraordinarily disparate and they diversified very quickly during the Cambrian Explosion, meaning that we struggle to piece together their early evolutionary history. We know that the common ancestor of all mollusks alive today would have had a single shell, and so Shishania tells us about a very early time in mollusk evolution before the evolution of a shell.”

Co-corresponding author Xiaoya Ma (Yunnan University and University of Exeter) said, “This new discovery highlights the treasure trove of early animal fossils that are preserved in the Cambrian rocks of Yunnan Province. Soft bodied mollusks have a very limited fossil record, and so these very rare discoveries tell us a great deal about these diverse animals.”