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New physics needed? Experts suggest possibility of updating fundamental physics concepts

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New physics needed? Experts suggest possibility of updating fundamental physics concepts


New physics needed? Maybe
An unexpected finding about how our universe formed is again raising the question: do we need new physics? The answer could fundamentally change what physics students are taught in classes around the world. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC

An unexpected finding about how our universe formed is again raising the question: do we need new physics? The answer could fundamentally change what physics students are taught in classes around the world.

A study from SMU and three other universities, available on the arXiv preprint server, delved into the possibility of updating fundamental physics concepts.

SMU played a significant part in the analysis, using the university’s high-performance computing capabilities to explore different scenarios that could explain the findings.

“The data from what’s known as DESI, or Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, combined with what we already had, is the most precise data we’ve seen so far, and it is hinting at something unlike what we would have expected,” explained one of the study’s co-authors Joel Meyers, an associate professor of physics at SMU. “Now, we need to get to the bottom of why that is.”

Working with Meyers on this analysis were theoretical physicists Nathaniel Craig at UC Santa Barbara and the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Daniel Green at UC San Diego and Surjeet Rajendran at Johns Hopkins University.

What DESI found…and why it was surprising

DESI is creating the largest, most accurate 3D map of our universe, providing a key measurement that enables cosmologists to calculate what they call the absolute mass scale of neutrinos.

This absolute mass scale was determined based on new measurements from the so-called baryonic acoustic oscillations from DESI, plus information physicists already had from the “afterglow” of the Big Bang—when the universe was created—known as the cosmic microwave background.

Throughout the evolution of the universe, the behavior of neutrinos impacted the growth of large-scale structures, such as clusters of galaxies across vast reaches of space that we see today. Neutrinos are one of the most abundant subatomic particles in the universe, but they’re as mysterious as they are ubiquitous. One reason physicists want to know the mass scale of neutrinos is that it can help them get a better understanding of how matter clustered as the universe evolved.

Cosmologists—those who study the origin and development of the universe—have long thought that massive neutrinos kept matter in the universe from clustering as much as it otherwise might have over 13.8 billion years of cosmic evolution.

“But rather than the expected suppression of matter clustering, the data instead favors enhanced matter clustering, meaning matter in the cosmos is more clumped than one would expect,” said Meyers, who specializes in theoretical cosmology, including the cosmic microwave background, the early universe and connections to high energy and particle physics.

“Explaining this enhancement may point toward some problem with the measurements, or it could require some new physics not included in the Standard Model of particle physics and cosmology.”

The Standard Model of particle physics—the one that students likely learned in physics class—has long been scientists’ best theory to explain how the basic building blocks of matter interact. This finding of neutrinos is the latest measurement, similar to what’s referred to as “the Hubble tension,” to hint that we might not know our universe as well as we think we do, Meyers said.

In their study, Meyers and his colleagues looked into scenarios where physicists might need to tweak the Standard Model, but not throw it out entirely. They also examined introducing new concepts of physics. And they also explored whether systematic errors of key measures could account for the surprising DESI finding.

It will likely take years to know which of the researchers’ theories is correct. But the study gives a blueprint for future research.

More information:
Nathaniel Craig et al, No νs is Good News, arXiv (2024). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2405.00836

Journal information:
arXiv


Citation:
New physics needed? Experts suggest possibility of updating fundamental physics concepts (2024, September 23)
retrieved 23 September 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-09-physics-experts-possibility-fundamental-concepts.html

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Amazon launches Project Amelia, an AI assistant for third-party sellers

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Amazon launches Project Amelia, an AI assistant for third-party sellers


amazon
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain

Amazon launched a new AI-powered personal assistant for third-party vendors Thursday, one of many new features the company rolled out for its independent sellers this week.

The assistant, internally called Project Amelia, answers questions for sellers, offers advice and, down the line, will diagnose problems and take action.

Amazon has already integrated generative artificial intelligence into some services for sellers, like the ability to use AI to write suggested product listings, and has launched other AI-powered tools, including the shopping assistant Rufus and the chatbot Q. It is also reportedly working on an upgrade to its personal voice assistant Alexa, using AI to power a new, paid subscription service.

Project Amelia will run on Amazon Bedrock, an Amazon Web Services offering that provides different foundational learning models for companies, including Amazon itself, to build and scale AI-powered applications.

Amazon has been working on Project Amelia for more than a year, Dharmesh Mehta, vice president for selling partner services, said in an interview Wednesday with The Seattle Times. The project got its name because it was housed in the company’s Amelia building in South Lake Union. That building was named in honor of Amelia Earhart.

In its beta version, launched Thursday, Project Amelia is able to answer questions about a seller’s inventory, sales and customer traffic, as well as offer advice about how to launch a new product or prepare for the upcoming holiday season. It may recommend that a seller add more keywords to a product listing or promote festive items before the holiday.

It may also prompt a seller to try Amazon’s other services, like Fulfillment by Amazon, a service that third-party sellers can sign up for to use Amazon’s fulfillment network to ship orders.

Right now, Project Amelia looks and acts like other chatbots on the internet—a user types a question in a text box at the bottom of the screen and sends it over to Amelia, which takes its time thinking about the response and then generates a few lines of information. The bot then suggests follow-up questions the user may want to ask next.

But, Mehta imagines an iteration of Project Amelia that doesn’t require as much back and forth. He hopes the assistant could one day offer to take action for the seller. Rather than talking with a seller about the upcoming holidays, he pictures Project Amelia one day offering to set up a 20% discount on festive T-shirts before the holidays.

“We’re leveraging generative AI throughout the shopping experience, and if we can create a better shopping experience, then customers love the products, they come more often, that’s all good for sellers,” Mehta said.

“We’ll keep innovating on the shopping experience [and] if I think about every part of the selling experience, we can continue to reinvent some of those or transform them with generative AI,” he continued.

Mehta compared Project Amelia’s beta version to a concierge service. The assistant takes in all sorts of user questions and then works behind the scenes to find an answer.

Sometimes the concierge has to call in a plumber or an electrician to make the fix, but the user doesn’t have to know that. In the AI world, the plumbers and electricians are other data models trained to be subject-matter experts on all sorts of topics.

In the last three months, Amazon has seen a surge in interest in its AI tools that help sellers write product listings, Mehta said. After launching last year, the company has continued to refine the capabilities and, as more sellers use them, the AI gets smarter, he said.

At first, sellers had to input keywords. Then, they could add images or send a URL. Soon, Mehta said, sellers can upload a product catalog and the tool will do the rest. And, Amazon plans to launch a new feature that will use AI to generate advertising videos for sellers.

This week, at Amazon’s annual conference for third-party sellers, Amazon announced a range of other new services—like new capabilities to ship products from overseas, a new app for those sellers who use Amazon Shipping and a new offering to automatically replenish products for third-party sellers when inventory runs low.

Amazon also announced new partnerships with three other major players in the e-commerce space: Google, TikTok and PayPal.

Third-party sellers who use Buy With Prime—a way for customers to shop using Amazon Prime on third-party websites—can now display the Prime check mark and estimated delivery speeds on TikTok and Google’s shopping platforms.

On PayPal, merchants can now offer Prime as a delivery option for shoppers.

2024 The Seattle Times. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

Citation:
Amazon launches Project Amelia, an AI assistant for third-party sellers (2024, September 23)
retrieved 23 September 2024
from https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-amazon-amelia-ai-party-sellers.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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Data from robots show steady increase in deep-ocean warming

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Data from robots show steady increase in deep-ocean warming


Data from robots shows steady increase in deep-ocean warming
Scientists deploy a Deep Argo float in 2018 from Research Vessel Kaʻimikai-O-Kanaloa at the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii. The ocean robot will track ocean temperature, salinity and other data down to 3 to 4 miles deep in the ocean. Credit: NOAA

New research published Sept. 19 in Geophysical Research Letters shows that using data collected by deep ocean robots, called Deep Argo floats, combined with historical data from research vessels has increased confidence that parts of the global deep ocean are warming at a rate of .0036 to .0072°F (.002 to .004°C) each year.

“Ocean warming is the dominant element of global warming and a major driver of climate change,” said Greg Johnson, an oceanographer at NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Lab and lead author of the study.

“This study confirms the previously reported deep ocean warming, and reduces the uncertainties about the global ocean heat uptake in waters below 1.2 miles (2,000 meters), a key area of the ocean for predicting sea level rise and extreme weather.”

The new research also provides more detailed information about the geographic patterns of the deep ocean warming, which can help scientists better understand changes in the global ocean conveyor belt called the global meridional overturning circulation, also key to predicting weather and climate changes.

The research shows that the deepest ocean waters off Antarctica are a hot spot for warming. These bottom waters carry the warming north, traveling along the ocean conveyor belt. Another hot spot of warming is in the deep ocean waters off Greenland, which no longer receive large amounts of sinking cold waters from the ocean surface due to increased atmospheric warming and freshening of those surface waters from ice melt.

More detailed information about deep ocean warming can help improve climate models used to prepare society for future changes in ocean and air temperatures that drive sea level increases, precipitation, tropical cyclone frequency and intensity, and their impacts on humans and the environment.

Johnson said that scientists first began seeing this deep ocean warming trend off Antarctica without the benefit of Deep Argo data some two decades ago. But the size of the warming trend was quite uncertain because of the sparse measurements available previously. The new data from Deep Argo have helped to reduce the uncertainty in the size of the trend by a factor of two.

NOAA’s partners in the Argo Program first launched Deep Argo floats that could measure ocean temperature, salinity and other data down to a depth of 3.7 miles (6,000 meters) in 2014 in the Southwest Pacific off New Zealand.

Since that time, arrays of Deep Argo floats to measure deep ocean changes have been expanded in the Southwest Pacific and added in the South Atlantic off Brazil and Argentina, the South Indian Ocean between Australia and Antarctica, and the North Atlantic between Florida and North Africa.

“Right now, Deep Argo consists of pilot arrays in key regions,” said Johnson. “If we can build a global array we’ll be able to quantify the warming rate over shorter periods of time to see how that rate is changing.

“We have hints that the rate is changing but we need to be able to tease that out better. Measuring evolving temperature salinity patterns in the deep ocean will also aid in predicting climate changes decades in advance.”

Deep Argo is part of the overall Argo program, which is supported by NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program. Since its inception in 1999, the Argo Program has revolutionized our ability to track changes in the ocean with a global array of autonomous profiling floats, providing nearly four times the ocean information as all other observing tools combined.

More information:
Gregory C. Johnson et al, Refined Estimates of Global Ocean Deep and Abyssal Decadal Warming Trends, Geophysical Research Letters (2024). DOI: 10.1029/2024GL111229

Provided by
NOAA Headquarters


Citation:
Data from robots show steady increase in deep-ocean warming (2024, September 23)
retrieved 23 September 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-09-robots-steady-deep-ocean.html

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Why saying you’ll ‘never retire’ may be a warning sign

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Why saying you’ll ‘never retire’ may be a warning sign


retire
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

Americans who say they expect to “never retire” are more likely than others to score low on a measure of financial knowledge, a new study shows.

In a national survey, 20% of those who missed all three financial knowledge questions said they expected they would never retire, compared to 12% who answered all questions correctly, who said they’d likely work well past retirement age.

The study also found that those who were overconfident in their financial knowledge (and those whose low levels of confidence reflected their knowledge) were more likely to say they would never retire.

The findings, combined with other research, suggest that many people who say they will never retire aren’t saying that because they love their jobs and want to continue working indefinitely, said Sherman Hanna, co-author of the study and professor of consumer sciences at The Ohio State University.

“If you’re not knowledgeable about finances, it suggests that you don’t know what your financial situation is, and you may have no idea when you can retire,” Hanna said.

“Saying they’re never going to retire may be for some people a way of saying they have failed to prepare for retirement.”

The study was published recently in the journal Financial Services Review.

The findings have important implications for the way experts evaluate how many Americans are adequately prepared for retirement.

Many analyses of the projected retirement adequacy of American workers assume that those saying they will never retire will end up retiring at about age 70. But in a previous study, Hanna and his colleagues found that many of these “never retire” workers will actually drop out of the workforce at a much younger age—suggesting they might stop earning a steady income before they’ve done enough to shore up their finances.

“It means our projections of the proportion of workers on track for an adequate retirement might be too optimistic,” Hanna said. “Many of those who say they will never retire may not know enough about their finances and are not working toward a financially successful retirement.”

The researchers used data from the 2016 and 2019 Surveys of Consumer Confidence, sponsored by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. Their final sample included 4,607 households in which the head of the household was aged 35 to 60 and was working full time.

The three questions in the SCF that measured financial knowledge—called the “Big Three” by researchers—relate to compound interest, real rates of return and risk diversification.

Findings in this study found that the more questions participants got wrong, the more likely they were to say they expected to never retire.

The survey also asked participants to rate their own financial knowledge on a scale from 0 (no knowledge) to 10 (high knowledge).

Of those who said they weren’t financially knowledgeable (levels 0, 1 or 2), 30% expected to never retire, more than twice the 14% of those who believed they were very knowledgeable (levels 9 and 10).

The researchers also rated the financial confidence of participants—and whether they were overconfident or underconfident—by comparing their subjective ratings of their financial knowledge with their actual scores on the financial knowledge questions.

Results showed that 17% of those who were overconfident in their financial knowledge expected to never retire, higher than the 12% who had appropriately high confidence in their financial knowledge.

The findings suggest that financial planners, counselors and educators need to have a clear understanding of what it means when people say they expect to never retire, Hanna said.

“We need to evaluate those who don’t expect to retire to ensure they have the appropriate level of financial knowledge and confidence to help them make plans for their post-working life,” he said.

Other co-authors of the study were Zezhong Zhang and Lei Xu, both doctoral students at Ohio State.

More information:
Zezhong Zhang et al, The Effect of Financial Knowledge on Workers’ Expectation of Never Retiring, Financial Services Review (2024). DOI: 10.61190/fsr.v32i3.3584

Citation:
Why saying you’ll ‘never retire’ may be a warning sign (2024, September 23)
retrieved 23 September 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-09-youll.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
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Giant panda skin cells transformed into stem cells to help ensure their survival

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Giant panda skin cells transformed into stem cells to help ensure their survival


Giant panda skin cells transformed into stem cells to help ensure their survival
Proposed model for generation and characterization of iPSCs in giant pandas. Credit: Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7724

A team of biologists in China has reprogrammed skin cells from giant pandas into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), opening the door to creating primordial germ cells that could serve as precursors to sperm and egg cells.

In their study, published in the journal Science Advances, the group introduced a specific microRNA cluster to panda fibroblasts to generate the iPSCs.

Over the past several years, stem cell biologists have been refining the process involved in converting cells known as fibroblasts into iPSCs as a prime part of regenerative medicine research. Such cells can be used to grow different kinds of cells, including those that can mature into organs and egg cells.

In recent years, conservationists have come to see the technology as a potential means to save endangered animals. To that end, iPSCs have been created for a rare zebra, the Tasmanian devil and the northern white rhino.

One thing that researchers on such projects have learned along the way is that the process of transforming fibroblasts to iPSCs is different for each species, which means that a new process is required to create iPSCs for each new animal. In this new effort, the research team has created a process for the giant panda.

The work started back in 2019, with the goal of creating iPSCs that could be used as precursors to male and female reproductive cells, helping to ensure the continued propagation of giant pandas. That effort led to the use of fibroblast skin cells to generate the desired iPSCs.

To get the fibroblasts to transform into iPSCs, the group introduced a specific type of microRNA cluster under special growing conditions that included molecules with just the right transcription factors for pandas.

Once they found a process that worked, the team refined it to make it more efficient. They have been testing their iPSCs to ensure that they can divide and form germ layers in usable ways—and from there, to grow into desired types of cells.

More information:
Yuliang Liu et al, Generation and characterization of giant panda induced pluripotent stem cells, Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7724

© 2024 Science X Network

Citation:
Giant panda skin cells transformed into stem cells to help ensure their survival (2024, September 23)
retrieved 23 September 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-09-giant-panda-skin-cells-stem.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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