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A flow cytometry guide for accurate estimation of plant genome size

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A flow cytometry guide for accurate estimation of plant genome size


Flow cytometry guide for accurate estimation of plant genome size
Berberis thunbergii ‘NCBT2’ Sunjoy Neo including a container-grown plant (A), yellow leaves (B), red leaves (C), and root tissue (D). Credit: Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (2024). DOI: 10.21273/JASHS05376-24

A recent study released by researchers at North Carolina State University offers new insights and guidelines for the accurate estimation of plant genome size using flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry has been widely used to estimate relative and absolute genome sizes (DNA contents) of plants for more than 50 years. However, the accuracy of these estimates can vary widely because of many factors, including errors in the genome size estimates of reference standards and various experimental methods.

This latest research revisits long-held assumptions, identifies sources of variation, and establishes best practices and reference standards, with updated genome sizes, to enhance the precision and reliability of genome size estimation. It also critically examines the methodologies used and provides guidelines to address inconsistencies and improve accuracy. The research is published in the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

The specific objectives of this study were to reassess genome sizes of commonly used reference standards and quantify sources of variation and error in estimating plant genome sizes that arise from buffers, confounding plant tissues, tissue types, and plant reference standards using both 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI) fluorochromes. Five separate studies were performed to elucidate these objectives.

The first study focused on fluorochrome effects. A variety of fluorochromes are used in plant flow cytometry, but their effectiveness in staining the entire genome, the impact of chromatin on staining efficacy, and the influence of buffers and plant metabolites on dye fluorescence remain largely unknown.

Significant variations in estimated plant genome sizes have been observed with different fluorochromes, due to differences in staining, base pair biases, and incubation times. Additionally, factors like the efficacy of staining densely packed chromatin and the sensitivity of fluorescence to interfering metabolites also affect the accuracy of genome size estimation.

The second study investigated buffer effects, which are crucial for nuclei isolation and staining in flow cytometry sample preparation. These buffers, which can be separate or combined, often include surfactants, isotonic agents, pH buffers, phenolic binding agents (like polyvinylpyrrolidone), DNA-preserving compounds (such as spermine), and RNA or protein-degrading enzymes.

Due to the variety of tissue types, morphology, and metabolite compositions, buffers are optimized for specific applications, with up to 28 different buffers commonly used.

Metabolite effects were categorized in the third study. Diverse secondary metabolites in plants can significantly vary among taxa and tissues, leading to errors in genome size estimation using flow cytometry. Compounds such as anthocyanins, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, coumarins, ellagic acid, tannic acid, and others can interact with fluorochromes and nuclear DNA, causing underestimation or overestimation of genome size.

The fourth study on tissue type effects found that the choice of plant tissue significantly affects genome size estimation using flow cytometry. Factors influencing this include the organ of origin, the state of the tissue (alive, dead, or fixed), and the presence of cytosolic compounds. Different secondary metabolites in varying types and amounts across tissues can cause tissue-specific interference.

Reference standard effects constituted the fifth study. In flow cytometry, including a reference standard with a known genome size is crucial for accurately calculating the genome size of an unknown sample. Revised estimates of genome sizes of commonly used plant reference standards were determined using human male leukocytes as a primary standard with an updated genome size (6.15 pg; 12.14% lower than that of earlier studies) using both DAPI and PI fluorochromes.

The results show that flow cytometry can precisely and repeatedly determine relative plant genome sizes and ploidy, making it valuable for closely related plants when consistent methods are used. However, accurate determination of absolute genome size remains challenging and should be considered approximate, with potential errors of ±29% or more.

Factors influencing accuracy include the fluorochrome, extraction buffer, tissue type, reference standard, and plant metabolites, which can affect fluorochrome binding and fluorescence.

Overall, flow cytometry can be precise, repeatable, and extremely valuable for determining the relative genome size and ploidy of closely related plants when using consistent methods, regardless of fluorochrome.

However, accurate determination of the absolute genome size by flow cytometry remains elusive, and estimates of genome size using flow cytometry should be considered gross approximations that may vary by ±29% or more as a function of experimental methods and plant environments. Additional recommendations of best practices are provided.

The implications of this study are significant for researchers, breeders, and biotechnologists. Accurate genome size estimation is crucial for a variety of applications, including plant breeding, genetic mapping, and biodiversity studies. The new guidelines and reference standards established by this study are expected to further improve the accuracy and precision of flow cytometry for estimating plant gnome size.

According to the authors, “With our labs being actively involved in plant breeding, genetics, cytogenetics, and crop improvement, flow cytometry is an extremely valuable tool for quickly estimating plant ploidy and relative genome size. However, having utilized this technology for decades, it became clear how subject these estimates are to variation in methodology.

“Because flow cytometry is precise and repeatable when using consistent methods, it is often incorrectly assumed and stated that it is ‘accurate.’ In this study, we were able to reassess genome sizes of commonly used reference standards and quantify sources of variation and error in estimating plant genome sizes that arise from using different tissues and methods that can result in errors of ±29% or more.

“Furthermore, use of reference standards with outdated genome size estimates contributed additional errors of 12% or more. This research provides improved estimates of genome sizes of reference standards, quantified sources of error, and recommended best practices for improved estimates of plant genome size.”

More information:
John Nix et al, Flow Cytometry for Estimating Plant Genome Size: Revisiting Assumptions, Sources of Variation, Reference Standards, and Best Practices, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (2024). DOI: 10.21273/JASHS05376-24

Citation:
A flow cytometry guide for accurate estimation of plant genome size (2024, October 7)
retrieved 7 October 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-10-cytometry-accurate-genome-size.html

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Study finds electric vehicle subsidies help the climate and automakers—but at a cost

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Study finds electric vehicle subsidies help the climate and automakers—but at a cost


electric vehicle charging
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

A new study shows that electric vehicle tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act reduced pollution and boosted U.S. automakers, but largely benefited buyers who would have purchased EVs without subsidies.

New research by a team of economists shows that electric vehicle tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) have decreased climate pollution and boosted American car manufacturers, but at a price. Most car buyers benefiting from the subsidy would have purchased an electric vehicle anyway, raising questions about the taxpayer dollars spent pursuing the cleaner energy policy.

The study, published Oct. 7 as a working paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research, offers the most comprehensive look yet at the economic effects of the electric vehicle (EV) subsidies allowed for in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Overall, the news is good: The EVs purchased after the law took effect have increased American automaker profits, put money into the pockets of consumers who receive the maximum $7,500 tax credit, and benefited the environment.

In economic terms, the researchers conclude that the new EV tax subsidies have reaped $1.87 in U.S. benefits for every $1 of government spending when accounting for subsidies that existed prior to the IRA. Under a scenario with no electric vehicle subsidies, however, the IRA policy generated only $1.02 in U.S. benefits per dollar of government spending.

From a tax policy perspective, the payoff has come at a price.

The researchers find that 75% of the EV subsidies claimed under the IRA have gone to consumers who would have bought an electric vehicle anyway. Thus, the scholars estimate that the government spends $32,000 for each additional EV sold.

“This policy is not a home run,” says Hunt Allcott, a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) and a professor of environmental social sciences at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, who co-authored the study. “While the IRA’s electric vehicle tax credits have slowed climate change and shifted production to U.S. manufacturing firms, they also impose high costs on U.S. taxpayers.”

The researchers suggest that the IRA could have been far more beneficial if it provided larger tax credits to cleaner EVs. The reason is that the environmental costs of driving an electric vehicle vary substantially across EVs. For example, switching from a hybrid Toyota Prius to an electric Tesla Cybertruck supports the adoption of cleaner-energy vehicles, but the Cybertruck generates more pollution.

Identifying trade-offs

Using detailed sales data from dealerships, the research team from Stanford; Duke University; the University of California, Berkeley; and the University of Chicago finds that EV buyers are by far the biggest beneficiaries of the IRA tax credits. Next up on the winner’s list are U.S. car makers, and not just because EV sales have risen: The IRA requires that to be eligible for the tax credit, EVs must be assembled in North America and their main components sourced from the U.S. and its allies.

The researchers find that “ally-shoring,” as the move by governments to strengthen supply chains is often called, has had mixed results.

“These subsidies have benefited U.S. consumers and U.S. firms, and have both helped and hurt U.S. allies,” said Felix Tintelnot, an associate professor of economics at Duke. “U.S. allies have benefited from less climate pollution, but they’ve also lost profits to U.S. vehicle manufacturers.”

The study’s authors reached their conclusions using a unique dataset they compiled that included detailed records on vehicle prices, leases, and purchase decisions in the months before and after specific vehicle models gained and lost eligibility for the IRA subsidies. The researchers also applied a mathematical model of consumers’ decisions about which vehicles to buy and auto manufacturers’ decisions about which vehicles to sell.

“This ‘Buy American’ policy pits trade versus the environment,” says Joseph Shapiro, an associate professor at UC-Berkeley who is currently a visiting scholar at the Stanford Department of Economics in the School of Humanities and Sciences. “The IRA subsidies have advanced vehicle electrification by limiting foreign competition. This is driving ahead on global climate policy but making a U-turn on global trade cooperation.”

The study also analyzes the IRA’s “leasing loophole,” which lets any EV vehicle leases qualify for subsidies, no matter where the vehicle is manufactured. The study finds that this exemption mostly encourages consumers to acquire foreign-made vehicles and claim the tax credit without substantially benefiting the environment.

In addition to Allcott, Tintelnot, and Shapiro, the study co-authors are Reigner Kane and Max Maydanchik, both of the University of Chicago.

More information:
Hunt Allcott et al, The Effects of “Buy American”: Electric Vehicles and the Inflation Reduction Act, (2024). DOI: 10.3386/w33032

Citation:
Study finds electric vehicle subsidies help the climate and automakers—but at a cost (2024, October 7)
retrieved 7 October 2024
from https://techxplore.com/news/2024-10-electric-vehicle-subsidies-climate-automakers.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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Physicists and psychologists track social phases in human movement

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Physicists and psychologists track social phases in human movement


preschool
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain

Observations of preschool children in classrooms and playgrounds have uncovered new social phases in human movement. Employing ultra-wideband radio frequency identification (UWB-RFID) technology allows for the precise tracking of children’s movements, revealing a “gas-like” phase of free, independent movement and a “liquid-vapor coexistence” phase where small groups dynamically form and disperse.

This discovery provides a fresh perspective on human interactions in low-speed social settings, offering insights that could enhance strategies in education and crowd management, and opens new research avenues in social physics and active matter systems.

The research is published in the journal Physical Review E and is the result of a collaboration between the Department of Physics and the Department of Psychology at the University of Miami, as well as external contributors.

This project was a joint effort between the Department of Physics and the Department of Psychology at the University of Miami, with contributions from both faculty (also members of IDSC) and students, as well as external collaborators.

From the Department of Physics, Yi Zhang and Debasish Sarker, co-led the research under the guidance of advisor Prof. Chaoming Song, an expert in statistical physics and complex systems. On the Psychology side, Samantha Mitsven played a key role in data collection, with Prof. Daniel Messinger and Prof. Lynn Perry providing essential insights into human behavior dynamics and social interactions.

More information:
Yi Zhang et al, Emergence of social phases in human movement, Physical Review E (2024). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.110.044303

Citation:
Physicists and psychologists track social phases in human movement (2024, October 7)
retrieved 7 October 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-10-physicists-psychologists-track-social-phases.html

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part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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Orca tally ‘frustrating’ for those trying to save the J, K and L pods

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Orca tally ‘frustrating’ for those trying to save the J, K and L pods


by Lynda V. Mapes, The Seattle Times

orca whale
Credit: CC0 Public Domain

There are only 73 southern resident orcas left in Puget Sound, according to the most recent count released by the Center for Whale Research. It is one of the lowest tallies since the center counted 71 orcas when it began its survey in 1976.

The 2023 census identified 75 southern residents counted in the J, K and L pods. Since then, two adult males, K34 and L85, as well as the only baby born within the census period, the male calf J60, have died. A recently born calf, L128, was confirmed Sept. 16, which is after the census date for this year.

Orca K34 was last seen in July 2023 looking thin. He was at high risk without his mother, who had died in 2017. Mothers share their salmon catch with their male offspring, even into the calf’s adulthood. Losing mom often spells trouble for sons, according to the center.

L85 was looking thin in August, and was also surviving without a mother. He was adopted by mom L12, and after she also died, he clung to L25, the oldest of all the matriarchs, before he faded away, never to be seen again, the center reported. He was one of the three oldest males in the entire population, born in 1991.

The baby, J60, had a short and tumultuous life. First spotted the day after Christmas in 2023, researchers were never sure who his mother was, as the calf was seen with first one female, then another.

Could it have been a case of calf rejection? Could the mother not properly nurse? Were other females trying to help? Could it even have been a case of kidnapping? Researchers could not figure it out—and the calf disappeared and was presumed dead by early to mid-January 2024 according to the center.

The J, K and L pods have been struggling since the 1960s and ’70s when anyone could catch an orca and sell it to the highest bidder in the worldwide aquarium trade. For all those years, Puget Sound was the main source, and captors sought the young, who were the cheapest to ship and easiest to train. A generation was lost, and many died terrible deaths. People killed at least 13 orcas during the captures, and 45 ended up in parks across the globe. None survive today.

The last southern resident in captivity, Lolita, died where she lived most of her life, at the Miami Seaquarium in August 2023, despite extensive efforts to release her.

The southern residents are one of three distinct populations of orca whales, actually the largest dolphin, in regional waters. Northern and southern resident killer whales specialize in eating fish, mostly Chinook salmon. Transients, or Bigg’s killer whales, eat marine mammals, including seals and sea lions.

Offshore whales eat mostly sharks. The southern residents are the most urban population, frequenting the waters of the Salish Sea, Puget Sound and the coast all the way south to the Golden Gate Bridge. They were listed as endangered in 2005.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is charged with saving the whales, has set a goal of population growth in the pods of 2.3% over 28 years. However, every time the population has started to grow in the past decade, there have been more setbacks.

“If the whales had more fish, there would be more whales, it’s as simple as that,” said Michael Weiss, research director for the Center for Whale Research. While the southern residents do eat other fish, salmon are at the heart of their diet, and Chinook, the largest salmon, is their preferred prey. Chinook salmon are also in decline, and threatened with extinction, a sad tableau of an endangered animal dependent on a threatened one for survival.

Brad Hanson, wildlife biologist for NOAA who has studied the orcas most of his career, called the census report “frustrating.”

“This is not where you want to see the population trajectory going,” he said, “and not how you get to recovery.”

The agency has identified several main threats to orca survival: lack of adequate, consistently available salmon, particularly Chinook; ocean noise that makes it harder for orcas to hunt; and pollution, which contaminates their food. Inbreeding has turned up the impact of all of those factors depressing their population growth, Hanson noted.

He remains convinced the orcas will eventually recover. “Given the proper conditions, these animals can prosper,” Hanson said.

Progress is being made. Puget Sound is cleaner than it was a generation ago, and more cleanups are underway, including at the Duwamish River, which feeds into the Green River, where fish passage is also being funded at the Howard Hanson Dam, which blocks all of the best upriver habitat for salmon.

The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe on Sept. 23 celebrated only its second coho fishery in more than a century on an open river on the Elwha, free of dams. Big Chinook right now are lumbering past logjams also being built in the lower river to create pools and side channels and riffles that salmon love. And the Yurok, Karuk, Shasta and Hoopa tribes of California and Klamath tribes of southern Oregon on Saturday will celebrate the removal of four dams on the Klamath River, the largest fisheries restoration dam removal ever in the world, opening 420 miles of salmon habitat.

But more work will be needed to prevent more losses within the southern resident families, which are on track toward extinction at an accelerating rate, said Rob Williams, chief scientist with Oceans Initiative. He is the lead author on a recent paper that showed the southern residents are at risk of what the authors called “bright extinction”—loss of a species not because people don’t know it is happening, but because they refuse to sufficiently act. Extinction in plain sight.

Urgent action is needed, Williams said. Bold and dramatic restoration of salmon is still the strongest lever people can pull for orca recovery, and quieting the waters to make it possible for orcas to successfully hear and find their prey. “We are legally and morally obligated to put our shoulders to those levers, to get the whales more salmon, and quieter waters to hunt.”

2024 The Seattle Times. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

Citation:
Orca tally ‘frustrating’ for those trying to save the J, K and L pods (2024, October 7)
retrieved 7 October 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-10-orca-tally-frustrating-pods.html

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How an intensity-based approach drives real change

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How an intensity-based approach drives real change


emissions
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain

Investors’ consideration of a firm’s environmental performance, along with concerns about future impacts on profit, have led many firms to start trying to reduce their carbon footprint. But such environmental pressure—if not calibrated correctly—may backfire.

In a new study, Tepper School researchers have explored how firms’ operational strategies differ depending on the environmental metric used to assess environmental impact. The study, “Greenness and its Discontents: Operational Implications of Investor Pressure,” is published as a working paper in the SSRN Electronic Journal.

The researchers found that significantly high environmental pressure from the market may result in different operational strategies under different disclosure regimes, with variations in the erosion of the firm value and environmental outcomes.

“Environmental pressure from both equity and debt investors can influence firms’ value, which in turn affects stock prices and the cost of debt,” explains Alan Scheller-Wolf, Professor of Operations Management at Carnegie Mellon’s Tepper School of Business, who worked on the study, along with Sridhar Tayur, Professor of Operations Management at Tepper, and Tepper doctoral student Nilsu Uzunlar.

The positive impact of investor pressure manifests in its ability to foster sustainable business practices, such as investments to mitigate emissions. But there is evidence that under such pressure, firms may respond by selling their carbon-intensive assets to private companies. This reduces transparency and eliminates investor oversight, potentially leading to worse overall societal outcomes that may include increased pollution, higher unit prices, and lower employment.

Key intermediaries for investor pressure are environmental metrics because different metrics can focus on firms’ actions differently. In this study, researchers explored the effect on a manager’s operational decisions (production level, investment in emission-reduction technologies, divestment) of two prominent environmental assessment metrics used by institutional investors and regulators to assess firms’ environmental performance:

  • Under the absolute regime, investors value a firm based on its total net direct greenhouse gas emissions (total output).
  • Under the intensity regime, which accounts for the emission intensity of the production process (output per unit) rather than the overall emissions, investors consider a firm’s production efficiency level and effort to increase efficiency.

Researchers developed a sequential model to assess the environmental impact of the effect of these metrics on firms’ operational decisions, enhancing the traditional operations capacity planning modeling framework to capture the effects of investors’ sentiment, and incorporated equity and debt markets into their model.

The study concluded that significantly high environmental pressure from the market results in divestment under both disclosure regimes, but firm value is eroded less under an absolute metric, leading to less frequent divestment.

In contrast, when environmental pressure is not too high, the firm is more likely to invest in corrective action to mitigate emissions under an intensity metric. Thus, using the intensity-based approach may channel investor pressure into more environmentally responsible outcomes, particularly when the pressure from the market is not too intense.

The study also found that using the right metric in certain settings may harmonize divergent public interests (e.g., federal efforts to reduce emissions via the Inflation Reduction Act and state efforts to protect jobs in carbon-intensive industries). In addition, researchers identified a mechanism that might explain “greenhushing,” which happens when a firm makes substantive emission-reduction investments but does not take credit for it publicly.

“Our conclusion that using an intensity-based approach may lead to more environmentally responsible outcomes without limiting production may be particularly interesting to policymakers,” says co-author Tayur. “Current federal policy prioritizes reducing environmental impact, while states are often more concerned with maintaining local production.”

“Our study shows that environmental pressure at a moderate level, combined with the right metric, can harmonize these apparently divergent public interests.”

The study was aided by consultations with Nick Muller and Gaoqing Zhang from the Tepper School, and Keishi Hotsuki from Morgan Stanley.

More information:
Nilsu Uzunlar et al, Greenness and its Discontents: Operational Implications of Investor Pressure, SSRN Electronic Journal (2024). DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4729492

Citation:
Cutting emissions the smart way: How an intensity-based approach drives real change (2024, October 7)
retrieved 7 October 2024
from https://phys.org/news/2024-10-emissions-smart-intensity-based-approach.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.





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