Pregnant North Atlantic right whales will soon begin the long swim from the frigid waters off New England’s shores to the warm calving grounds of Georgia’s coast.

By the time the endangered mammals start arriving in mid-November, the federal government may—or may not—have imposed a revised vessel speed rule meant to protect the mothers and their newborns from boat strikes.

Next month, the Biden administration is expected to give final consideration to a two-year-old proposal to expand a 10-knot speed limit for large vessels operating in the calving grounds on smaller boats 35 feet and longer. Yet as the White House readies to act, a congressional committee recently advanced legislation sponsored by U.S. Rep. Buddy Carter, R-St. Simons Island, meant to halt the speed rule’s implementation.

The House Committee on Natural Resources approved House Resolution 8704 on Sept. 19, making it eligible for a vote before the full House. The legislation would block funding for implementation and enforcement of the speed rule through the end of 2030 and create a grant program to spur new technological developments to help boat captains spot whales and avoid collisions.

“There is technology that exists to track right whales, and we must implement it before endangering boaters’ and harbor pilots’ lives with unworkable speed restrictions. I urge a swift vote on the House floor so we can get these critical safeguards signed into law,” Carter said.

The resolution faces political challenges should it pass the House, at least through the end of 2024. Democrats broadly support the speed rule and the party holds majority control of the U.S. Senate, although that could change in the upcoming election. So could the presidency, as Democrat Joe Biden is not seeking reelection.

Vice President Kamala Harris, a Democrat, is locked in a tight race with the Republican nominee, former President Donald Trump.

Even if Democrats retain power, Carter’s objection to the vessel speed rule is being watched closely by whale advocates. Gib Brogan with Oceana, an environmental group focused on the world’s oceans, labeled efforts to delay the limit’s implementation as “legislative attacks” that could be “disastrous” for the right whales.

“Carter’s bill would pave the way toward extinction for this species,” Brogan said. “More needs to be done and needs to be done immediately. We can’t wait until 2031 to protect the whales from boat strikes.”

Protection vs. balance

Carter’s opposition is grounded in economic concerns. His district stretches the length of the Georgia coast, and his constituents include commercial fishermen and recreational boaters, some of whom would have to abide by the speed limit.

The loudest outcry against the vessel speed rule, though, has come from Georgia Ports Authority officials. The state-run entity operates the third-busiest port in the nation with marine terminals in Savannah and Brunswick. The facilities are economic engines, supporting 561,000 jobs and contributing $59 billion annually to the state’s gross domestic product, a 2022 study showed.

Authority leaders oppose the rule because of the effect it would have on the harbor pilots who bring cargo ships into the port. Those professionals are ferried to and from the freighters on boats that would be subject to the expanded speed rule.

This presents safety concerns—the pilots board the vessels on the open seas within the calving grounds. Pilot boats must typically reach speeds as high as 12 knots to perform the transfer of the captains to and from the cargo ships. The boarding process requires that pilot boats move in quickly beside the freighters, which in rough seas must travel at 8–10 knots to maintain steerage and limit the chance of injury to the pilots.

Should the speed limits be expanded, the pilots have told the ports authority they would refuse to work when seas are rough.

“Operating around the end of the channel at 10 knots or less is a dangerous thing,” said Trey Thompson, president of the Savannah Pilots Association. “You’d be like a cork bobbing around, especially in the wintertime.”

While proponents of the vessel speed rule say exceptions could be made for the pilots, the ports authority remains opposed to the limits. Authority Chief Operating Officer Jamie McCurry warned a House subcommittee of “unintended consequences” during a hearing in June and testified that it is “crucial to find a balanced approach” such as outlined in Carter’s legislation.

Facing extinction

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration officials and environmental groups say the expanded speed rule should be put in place before the 2024–2025 calving season begins.

At the June House subcommittee hearing, Evan Howell, director of NOAA’s office of science and technology, testified that the whales’ extinction is imminent and that no technology developed under the House resolution’s grant program could be proved and adopted quickly enough to protect the whales from vessel strikes.

Vessel strikes are a threat to the whales, which can reach 50 feet in length, weigh as much as 70 tons and typically swim just below the ocean’s surface. Researchers estimate 15 right whales have died due to vessel strikes since 2017, with three documented deaths this year. About 360 North Atlantic right whales—and just 70 reproductively active females—remain on Earth.

“As we prepare to enter yet another calving season along Georgia’s coast, we cannot sit idly by as vessel strikes continue to injure and kill our whales at unsustainable levels, like what we saw in 2024,” said Catherine Ridley of One Hundred Miles, a Georgia-focused environmental group.

“Our elected leaders must rely on facts and the best available science now. NOAA’s proposed expansion of its 2008 rule is safe, effective—and urgently needed.”

2024 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

A team of robotics engineers at ETH Zurich, Robotics Systems Lab, has modified an ANYbotics ANYMal quadruped robot to allow it to easily and effectively climb a standard ladder. The group has written a paper describing their efforts and results and has posted it on the arXiv preprint server.

For many years, manufacturers who have deployed robots in their facilities have noted that while robots have come a long way in replacing human laborers, one area where they fall short is climbing simple ladders. In response, engineers from several companies have attempted to give robots such an ability, almost all of which have been humanoid bipedal type robots.

Such robots are typically very slow and tentative and not very useful in a real-world environment. In this new effort, the research team has modified a standard working quadruped robot known as ANYMal in a way that allows it to very quickly and nimbly climb standard ladders.

The team noted that most robot “hands” or “paws” are not very conducive to ladder climbing. Humans, they note, form their hands into a hook and then grip each rung as they proceed upward. Therefore, the research team started by designing a custom paw with a hook-like gripping ability—one that allowed for clenching once a hook was made. They then used reinforcement learning to teach the robot how to use its hooks to climb a ladder.

To speed up the training, the researchers used a simulation where a privileged teacher–student approach was employed, where the teacher was given access to observational videos of simulated robots climbing ladders in a variety of environments and where problems were encountered, such as a jiggling ladder or a missed step. Such training allowed for learning robust climbing skills. Multiple student robots were then taught by allowing them to mimic the teacher.

Once they had a test robot thoroughly trained, the research team set it loose in a real-world environment where it was asked to climb a variety of ladders. The researchers found it to be successful approximately 90% of the time. They also found their modified robot greatly outperformed the same type of robot without the hooked feet.

The research team plans to continue their work with ladder climbing, hoping to add more features such as the ability to traverse ladders in unstructured environments without the need for motion capture equipment.

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