Mount Everest is about 15 to 50 meters taller than it would otherwise be because of uplift caused by a nearby eroding river gorge, and continues to grow because of it, finds a new study by UCL researchers.

The study, published in Nature Geoscience, found that erosion from a river network about 75 kilometers from Mount Everest is carving away a substantial gorge. The loss of this landmass is causing the mountain to spring upwards by as much as 2 millimeters a year and has already increased its height by between 15 and 50 meters over the past 89,000 years.

At 8,849 meters high, Mount Everest, also known as Chomolungma in Tibetan or Sagarmāthā in Nepali, is the tallest mountain on Earth, and rises about 250 meters above the next tallest peak in the Himalayas. Everest is considered anomalously high for the mountain range, as the next three tallest peaks—K2, Kangchenjunga and Lhotse—all only differ by about 120 meters from each other.

A significant portion of this anomaly can be explained by an uplifting force caused by pressure from below Earth’s crust after a nearby river eroded away a sizable amount of rocks and soil. It’s an effect called isostatic rebound, where a section of the Earth’s crust that loses mass flexes and “floats” upwards because the intense pressure of the liquid mantle below is greater than the downward force of gravity after the loss of mass.

It’s a gradual process, usually only a few millimeters a year, but over geological timeframes can make a significant difference to the Earth’s surface.

The researchers found that, because of this process, Mount Everest has grown by about 15 to 50 meters over the last 89,000 years, since the nearby Arun river merged with the adjacent Kosi river network.

Co-author, Ph.D. student Adam Smith (UCL Earth Sciences) said, “Mount Everest is a remarkable mountain of myth and legend and it’s still growing. Our research shows that as the nearby river system cuts deeper, the loss of material is causing the mountain to spring further upwards.”

Today, the Arun river runs to the east of Mount Everest and merges downstream with the larger Kosi river system. Over millennia, the Arun has carved out a substantial gorge along its banks, washing away billions of tons of earth and sediment.

Co-author Dr. Jin-Gen Dai of the China University of Geosciences, said, “An interesting river system exists in the Everest region. The upstream Arun river flows east at high altitude with a flat valley. It then abruptly turns south as the Kosi river, dropping in elevation and becoming steeper. This unique topography, indicative of an unsteady state, likely relates to Everest’s extreme height.”

The uplift is not limited to Mount Everest, and affects neighboring peaks including Lhotse and Makalu, the world’s fourth and fifth highest peaks respectively. The isostatic rebound boosts the heights of these peaks by a similar amount as it does Everest, though Makalu, located closest to the Arun river, would experience a slightly higher rate of uplift.

Co-author Dr. Matthew Fox (UCL Earth Sciences) said, “Mount Everest and its neighboring peaks are growing because the isostatic rebound is raising them up faster than erosion is wearing them down. We can see them growing by about two millimeters a year using GPS instruments and now we have a better understanding of what’s driving it.”

By looking at the erosion rates of the Arun, the Kosi and other rivers in the region, the researchers were able to determine that about 89,000 years ago the Arun river joined and merged with the Kosi river network, a process called drainage piracy.

In doing so, more water was funneled through the Kosi river, increasing its erosive power and taking more of the landscape’s soils and sediments with it. With more of the land washed away, it triggered an increased rate of uplift, pushing the mountains’ peaks higher and higher.

Lead author Dr. Xu Han of China University of Geosciences, who carried out the work while on a China Scholarship Council research visit to UCL, said, “The changing height of Mount Everest really highlights the dynamic nature of the Earth’s surface. The interaction between the erosion of the Arun river and the upward pressure of the Earth’s mantle gives Mount Everest a boost, pushing it up higher than it would otherwise be.”

Inland waters release substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, but this is rarely included in climate assessments. New research from Umeå University shows that not accounting for carbon fluxes between land and water systems leads to incorrect assessments of climate impact and feedback on the carbon cycle.

Cold regions in the north and at high elevation are experiencing rapid warming—up to four times faster than the global average. This phenomenon not only threatens the status of these ecosystems but also leads to the release of vast amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

However, assessments of how the carbon cycle responds to and feeds back on climate change generally focus on the exchange of greenhouse gases on land, neglecting the large carbon export from land to the abundant inland waters (streams, rivers, and lakes) in these regions.

“Current data and approaches are likely inadequate to capture contemporary and future carbon flows across land and water systems,” says Jan Karlsson, Professor at the Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences at Umeå University.

Emissions from 3,000 lakes

One example of a large-scale integrated assessment is new research led by Chunlin Song from Sichuan University in China and Jan Karlsson from Umeå University, published in Science Advances.

Based on a comprehensive analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from over 3,000 lakes and rivers across the Northern Hemisphere, they show that lakes and rivers in cold regions contribute more to greenhouse gas emissions than previously understood and that these emissions could offset a major part of the carbon uptake by land ecosystems in the north.

The study also reveals regional differences in greenhouse gas emissions between rivers and lakes, with particularly high significance of rivers and of systems in regions with extensive coverage of permafrost.

“This finding is particularly alarming, as it suggests that thawing of permafrost releases significant amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere, further exacerbating climate change.”

The implications of this research are profound, according to Jan Karlsson.

“As global temperatures continue to rise, the role of cold regions in greenhouse gas emissions may become increasingly significant,” he says.

Specific conditions

In another paper published in Nature Water, Jan Karlsson emphasizes that the climate impact on the coupled land-water carbon cycle varies largely depending on specific climate conditions and landscape characteristics. According to him, there are significant challenges in studying land and water systems, at a relevant scale and detail, to make accurate assessments.

“In order to advance the field, we need collaborative studies across scientific disciplines and approaches. Optimally, research infrastructures, funding, and educational programs should be designed to facilitate the integrated collaborative approaches needed,” says Jan Karlsson.